Oky Gunawan

Ever heard of “Layer 1” or “Layer 2” in Web3 and felt confused?#

You’re not alone.

The blockchain world is built on a layered architecture that can sound technical and intimidating at first. But once you understand the concept of layers in Web3, things start to click — like how a decentralized app (dApp) actually works, what ensures its security, and why transactions can sometimes be slow or expensive.

In this article, we’ll explore all the key layers in Web3 — from Layer 0, Layer 1, and Layer 2, to Layer 3 — using simple explanations and real-world examples.

What Are Web3 Layers?#

Think of Web3 as a stack of Lego bricks: there’s a base, a core structure, supporting tools, and applications you interact with. Each has its own role, and they all work together.

Layer 0 – The Network Foundation#

Layer 0 is the foundation that allows different blockchains to be created and connected. This is where cross-chain communication and interoperability happen.

Main functions:

• Connects multiple blockchains
• Enables communication between them

Examples of Layer 0:

• Polkadot
• Cosmos
• Avalanche Subnets

Think of Layer 0 like a highway system linking multiple cities (blockchains). Without it, each city stands alone with no way to share data.

Layer 1 – The Main Blockchain Layer#

Layer 1 is the heart of the Web3 ecosystem. This is where transactions are recorded and processed on the blockchain.

Main functions:

• Provides consensus and security
• Executes smart contracts

Examples of Layer 1:

• Ethereum
• Bitcoin
• Solana
• BNB Chain

Challenges:

• Scalability — High transaction volumes can lead to network congestion and expensive gas fees.

That’s where Layer 2 comes in.

Layer 2 – The Scalability Boost#

Layer 2 solutions are built on top of Layer 1 to improve performance. Instead of processing every transaction on Layer 1, Layer 2 handles them off-chain first, then sends a summary to Layer 1.

Main functions:

• Faster and cheaper transactions
• Reduces load on Layer 1

Examples of Layer 2:

• Arbitrum
• Optimism
• zkSync
• Starknet
• Polygon PoS

Technologies used:

• Rollups
• Plasma
• zk-tech
• Validium

Layer 2 is like an express lane that speeds things up in the Web3 highway.

Layer 3 – Web3 Applications and Services#

Layer 3 is where users like you and me actually interact with Web3. This is the application layer — the visible, user-facing part.

What lives in Layer 3?

• Decentralized apps (dApps)
• Web3 games
• NFT marketplaces
• Digital wallets
• Writing platforms for creators

Examples of Layer 3:

• Uniswap (DeFi)
• OpenSea (NFTs)
• Lens Protocol (decentralized social)
• Mirror, Paragraph, xLog (creator platforms)
• Galxe (identity and rewards)

Layer 3 is the face of Web3. The better the user experience here, the faster Web3 adoption will grow.

Why Does This Layered Structure Matter?#

Understanding Web3 layers helps you:

• Choose which projects to trust
• Know why some apps are faster or cheaper than others
• Build smarter if you’re planning your own project
• Spot opportunities in the Web3 space

For example, if you want to build a digital wallet, you’ll be working in Layer 3. But you also need to understand how Layer 1 and Layer 2 work to make it efficient and secure.

Where Is Web3 Headed with This Layered Architecture?#

This structure makes Web3 modular and adaptable. A few key trends are emerging:

• Modular blockchains — Each layer can be upgraded or customized as needed
• Greater interoperability — Layer 0s like Cosmos and Polkadot enable cross-chain communication
• Improved user experience — Layer 2 and Layer 3 focus on making things easier for newcomers
• A new open economy — Web3 allows anyone to build and participate, from anywhere

From Foundation to App — It’s All Connected#

The layers in Web3 aren’t just technical jargon. They reflect how far blockchain has evolved — and where it’s going next.

If you’re new to Web3, learning about these layers will give you a better sense of the landscape — whether you're investing, building, or just exploring.

In the future, Web3 will be like Lego: each layer can be expanded, swapped, or reassembled, giving people the freedom to innovate in ways we’ve never seen before.

Enjoy exploring Web3 — from Layer 0 to Layer 3!

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